Ethnography of a Cambodian Hospital: Spaces and Social Dynamics

In Cambodia, hospitals have been the stage of public health politics since the establishment of the French Protectorate. Today, hospital is still at the center of political, economical and social issues that spread across the whole Cambodian society. The theme of the present work is based on the ethnography of a public hospital in Phnom Penh, capital of Cambodia. Fieldwork was conducted in a maternity ward by two researchers. While the first fieldwork observations concentrate on the workers' tasks, the second ethnographic fieldwork, conducted in the delivery ward of this hospital, examines more specifically the medical staff work. The hospital space can be described as "an open space with closed sections". Within this open space, some areas are characterised by cleanness/dirtiness polarity, as well as domestic/professional polarity. This polarization delimits margins within the hospital space and controlled closed sections, as the "in camera" of a delivery ward. This hospital space analysis points out some issues linked to the social control of space in a hospital. In addition, the study deals with social interactions that organize the health workers lives and work. A double hierarchy, both professional and social, governs the hospital work organization. This hierarchy is reflected through the analysis of the distribution of the dirty work in the day-to-day life of the wards. The assumption could be made that hospital hierarchy partially reflects the social Cambodian hierarchy itself. However, social interactions are more subtle and complex, since the hierarchy can be affected by health workers' length of service, their political affiliation or even the patients social status. Despite the weight of this hierarchy, hospital employees adopt strategies of financial cooperation among themselves, which contributes to create a healthworkers-specific sociability. Hence, we can say that social interactions within the hospital are largely defined by a complex series of interactions between hierarchy and social cooperation.