The reluctant state and the beginning of the end of state education

This paper argues that English education policy has come full-circle - from the first constitution of a state system of education in 1870 to the beginning of the end of state education in 2010 - and that this circularity can be understood in relation to the reluctant state. That is, in the nineteenth century, the English state hesitantly and slowly moved from a patchwork education system of many providers to a national system locally provided. In the twenty-first century, the English state is moving back towards a patchwork of many providers with enhanced institutional autonomies and marginalising the role of local delivery and coordination.