Analysis and dynamic prediction of longitudinal ground settlements due to shield tunneling based on delayed difference equation

In accordance with the interval shield tunnel of Nanjing Metro, the longitudinal ground settlement is theoretically analyzed. The area of longitudinal ground settlement by shield driven in Nanjing Metro is firstly presented; and the percentages of different course are summed up. In view of the complexity and instability of the information of ground settlement, the longitudinal ground settlement is considered as a stochastic process. Based on the delayed difference equation, the model for dynamic prediction is proposed. The predicting results, compared with the monitoring data, indicate that the model has high accuracy.