PREDISPERSAL MORTALITY AND FECUNDITY IN THE GRAY MANGROVE (AVICENNIA-MARINA) IN SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA

The predispersal mortality of floral buds and fruits in the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) was examined over aa range of populations for 3 years. The average survival of floral buds to anthesis was 34%. Moth larvae (subtribe Phycitina) attack and consume the contents of variable numbers of flower buds, but their activities did not influence bud survival, as experimental exclusion of larvae did not increase the number of buds surviving to anthesis. Fruit mortality is initially high with an average of 21% of floral buds surviving to immature fruit. Subsequent mortality is lower until on average 2.9% of floral buds survive to become viable propagules. Several cohorts of the phycitine moth larvae feed throughout the development of the fruit, and up to 62% of mature fruit show signs of larval attack. Experimental exclusion of moth larvae doubled the survival of fruits. However more than 75% of fruit mortality may be attributed to maternal regulation. Hail storms can also cause fruit mortality. The potential fecundity (number of ovules) of AA. marina was measured over aa range of age-size classes of trees and the realized fecundity (viable propagules) was estimated from average predispersal mortality. These estimates were subsequently verified in the field. AA fecundity schedule was constructed with assumptions on reproductive frequency and reproductive life. The average annual supply of propagules over aa lifetime is estimated to be about 247 viable propagules per tree.