THE ACCURACY SYNDROME IN TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

The striking progress in instrumental analytical techniques over the past decade combined with the enhancement of detection power emphasizes the accuracy of experimental data as a priority for most scientific disciplines. It is well known in fact that even in the recent past vast amounts of erroneous data have been generated. Consequently, experimentalists have turned their attention to the need for the strictest control in all steps of the analytical process, from sampling to storage, pretreatment, quantification, and evaluation of results. Pitfalls and corresponding remedies inherent to each of these steps are surveyed and discussed. Furthermore, the impact of the use of reference materials on the achievement of accurate measurements is dealt with, particularly with regard to their availability and appropriate use. Finally, the role of reference values for elements in a correct appraisal of experimental data is discussed. The strategy necessary to produce such figures in clinical biochemistry, toxicology, and ecology is briefly examined. © 1992.