ACUTE-RENAL-FAILURE .1. RISK-FACTORS, PREVENTION, AND STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTION

Careful management of high-risk patients can reduce the incidence and severity of acute renal failure. Medical disorders associated with a high incidence of acute renal failure include trauma, cardiovascular disease, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and preexisting chronic renal disease. Clinical situations that enhance the risk for acute renal failure include dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, systemic hypotension, prolonged surgery, and sepsis. Frequent measurement of urine production and enzyme excretion helps to provide early recognition of renal insufficiency, and therapies currently under investigation show promise for prevention and treatment of acute renal failure in the future.