UNIFICATION OF THE FORCES

Unification of the forces is achieved via an elementary application of the symmetry of parity-time-charge (PTC) inversion invariance to classical physics. The strong color force between quarks is found to be a PTC-inversion of the Coulomb force and to have a strength of about 3.75×105 times the Coulomb force between electrons at a separation distance equal to the electron Coulomb radius, r0/2 ≈ 0.7045×10-13 cm [note that what we call the "electron Coulomb radius" (a convenient unit) differs by a factor of 4 from the usual classical electron radius]. It displays "asymptotic freedom" as predicted and, consistent with the predicted spatial variation, it is found to be constant, or independent of the particle separation distance. The strong color force and other PTC-inverse EM forces are found to exist only between quarks, whereas the EM forces are found to exist only between leptons and composite particles. The weak force is the residual of long range EM and PTC-inverse EM forces (a similar situation is indicated of the short-range nucleon-nucleon force). These residual forces are of mixed parity. The net potentials between particles are polynomials in the separation variable r, which have minima and maxima at the zeros of the first derivative. The minima are the stable orbits, which provides a classical basis for quantum mechanics. Finally, the Coulomb and the gravitational forces are found to be non-reciprocal P-inversions of each other and become indistinguishable at mx = ±√(2α) (qx/e)Mp, where Mp is the Planck mass. © 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation.