ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON HEPATIC TRANSPLANTATION FROM LIVING-RELATED DONORS

This review examines the ethical problems of liver transplantation from living parental donors regarding the main ethical principles. It appears that this method of transplantation is a new possibility offered to patients that cannot be substracted from the parents' choice without interfering with their liberty. Moreover, there is a social decisiveness to ensure the offering of this option which is limited by the conditions of realisation, timing and personal situations of the parents. The considerations of risks, benefits, advantages and prejudices between donor and recipient show a favourable balance for this type of transplantation provided that adequate medical indications are respected. However, the considerations of psychological cost and burden deserve special attention and are detailed in this paper especially regarding the motivations and the long-term effects on the donor. Futility and ethical generalisation examinations favour such a procedure. Moral justice will generally be respected. The consideration of autonomy required special attention owing to the situation pressure upon the donor's consent. Consent deserves adapted sollicitation according to variable situations: whether the donor explicitly specifically wanted to donate part of his liver or only required information. Excessive solicitation of parents' participation to liver donation represents qualified ''forced choice''; in some situations where the parents cannot effectively refuse their participation, paternalistic action is ethically acceptable. A general procedure is proposed to ensure the psychological, legal and ethical protection of the donor and recipient.